{"id":88157,"date":"2022-10-07T00:25:06","date_gmt":"2022-10-06T17:25:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/dong-phan-mach-ho-la-gi\/"},"modified":"2022-10-07T00:25:06","modified_gmt":"2022-10-06T17:25:06","slug":"dong-phan-mach-ho-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/dong-phan-mach-ho-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u1ea1ch H\u1edf L\u00e0 G\u00ec – Th\u1ec3 Lo\u1ea1i:Hy\u0111rocacbon Kh\u00f4ng No – C\u00f3 Ngh\u0129a L\u00e0 G\u00ec, \u00dd Ngh\u0129a La Gi 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady Ki\u1ebfn Guru \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p L\u00fd Thuy\u1ebft H\u00f3a H\u1eefu C\u01a1 <\/strong> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 hi\u0111rocacbon \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em. <\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft: Circuits What’s Open <\/strong> p> Qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o <\/p>\n

I. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft chung v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1: H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/h2>\n

1. N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: <\/strong> <\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: <\/strong> H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cacbon, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 tan nh\u01b0 CO, CO2, cacbonat, xyanua, v.v. <\/p>\n

– Highlight: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

Ad <\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 cacbon, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 hydro, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 oxy v\u00e0 nit\u01a1, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 halogen, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, photpho …. .. <\/p>\n

Li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p: li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb. <\/p>\n

Ad <\/p>\n

D\u1ec5 bay h\u01a1i, k\u00e9m b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y h\u01a1n c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1. <\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eadm, kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/p>\n

S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 kho\u1ea3ng 10 tri\u1ec7u, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu th\u00eam c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100.000. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c hi\u0111rocacbon th\u01a1m (c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng benzen). <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t hydrocacbon: C\u1ed3n, Phenol, Ete <\/p>\n

D\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t Halogen <\/p>\n

An\u0111ehit-cet Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u <\/p>\n

Axit, Ester,\u2026 <\/p>\n

-th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t (CTTQ): Cho bi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh. <\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: CxHyOz c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 ch\u1ee9a ba nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 C, H, O. <\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i (CTDGN): bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, CH2O c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, C: H: O = 1: 2: 1. <\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (CTPT): Cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. <\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Cho CH2O, CTPT l\u00e0 (CH2O). ) n Khi n = 2, ta c\u00f3 C2H4O2. <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. <\/p>\n

-Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu c\u01a1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p <\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu c\u01a1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p <\/p>\n

-X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mol: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng H2, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang: <\/p>\n

MA = 29.dA \/ KK ho\u1eb7c MA = 2.dA \/ H2 <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng bay h\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng bay h\u01a1i: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c \u0111un s\u00f4i. <\/p>\n

2. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/h3>\n

-C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/p>\n

-L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

Trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. <\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. <\/p>\n

Trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a cacbon l\u00e0 4. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i cacbon kh\u00e1c nhau (th\u1eb3ng, ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng). <\/p>\n

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed) v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed). <\/p>\n

3. Ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n <\/strong> <\/h3>\n

– Ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t: <\/strong> T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Nh\u00f3m -CH2. <\/strong> p> <\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: metan CH4, etan C2H6, propan C3H8 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a nhau. <\/p>\n

-C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t: <\/strong> C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau. <\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 C2H6O, c\u00f3 2 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: <\/p>\n

CH3 – CH2 – OH (etanol) v\u00e0 CH3 – O – CH3 (\u0111imetyl ete). <\/p>\n

4. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/strong> <\/h3>\n

– C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n, li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba. <\/p>\n

– Li\u00ean k\u1ebft hi\u0111ro l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, li\u00ean k\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hi\u0111ro linh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n cao. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan, \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/p>\n

5. \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1: <\/strong> <\/h3>\n

II. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1: Hydrocacbon <\/h2>\n

Hydrocacbon l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 bao g\u1ed3m hai nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, cacbon v\u00e0 hydro. <\/p>\n

1. Alkan: <\/strong> <\/h3>\n

– d\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ankan <\/strong> (parafin): C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chung: CnH2n 2 (n\u22651). <\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: CH4, C2H6, C3H8, …. <\/p>\n

-\u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n: <\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n m\u1ea1ch C (m\u1ea1ch th\u1eb3ng, ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh). <\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p: <\/p>\n

Vi\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ea1ch C th\u1eb3ng. Ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n m\u1ea1ch th\u1eb3ng. <\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3m 1 C cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam C v\u00e0o nh\u00e1nh. D\u1eebng l\u1ea1i khi s\u1ed1 nh\u00e1nh C b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e1nh C trong chu\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh. <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadp H \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. <\/p>\n

– C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nhanh: 3 <\/strong> <\/p>\n

– T\u00ean: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh: d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t, C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. <\/p>\n

S\u1ed1: T\u1eeb c\u1ea1nh.C g\u1ea7n nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

T\u00ean: s\u1ed1 chi nh\u00e1nh – t\u00ean chi nh\u00e1nh t\u00ean chu\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh an. <\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/p>\n

-T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, tan trong dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 . <\/p>\n

C1 \u2192 C4 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed, c\u00e1c ankan sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, v\u00e0 C18 tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn. <\/p>\n

– \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u: Ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ph\u00edm \u0111\u01a1n. <\/p>\n

– H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ankan l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u00e2m. <\/p>\n

p> <\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C trong ankan b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 halogen khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111un n\u00f3ng, t\u1ea1o \u01b0u th\u1ebf cho H \u1edf C cao h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u00e1ch: \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i ankan nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c anken t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. <\/p>\n

Xem ngay: 7 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng Iphone mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, 5 trang web \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i Iphone hay nh\u1ea5t <\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00e1y: <\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0nh: Ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, ankan l\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/p>\n

– Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/p>\n

2. Olefin: <\/strong> <\/h3>\n

D\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng -olefin <\/strong> (olefin): c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chung CnH2n (n\u22652). <\/p>\n

-\u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n: <\/strong> Anken c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o (m\u1ea1ch C v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: <\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n: Vi\u1ebft C m\u1ea1ch th\u1eb3ng. H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n m\u1ea1ch th\u1eb3ng. <\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3m 1 C nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh, xem x\u00e9t n\u1ed1i nh\u00e1nh C v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb C. D\u1eebng khi s\u1ed1 nh\u00e1nh C b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a C. <\/p>\n

Cho H thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra khi hai nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (-CH3, -C2H5, -Cl, …) \u1edf c\u00f9ng ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cis v\u00e0 ph\u00eda c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 trans. <\/p>\n

-T\u00ean ph\u00e1p: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh: chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9a li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ea5t. <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh s\u1ed1: t\u1eeb ph\u00eda g\u1ea7n li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t. . <\/p>\n

T\u00ean: S\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u chi nh\u00e1nh – T\u00ean chi nh\u00e1nh T\u00ean chu\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh – S\u1ed1 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i – vi. <\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/p>\n

-C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt : <\/strong> Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ee9a li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u03c0 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u03c3. <\/p>\n

-T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/p>\n

C2 \u2192 C4 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed, C5 tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn. <\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n khi M t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n. <\/p>\n

– T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a olefin: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

T\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1. Ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ed9ng (d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t do li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u03c0 y\u1ebfu): <\/p>\n

anken c\u1ed9ng H2 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ankan t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng; c\u1ed9ng halogen ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t halogen \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t halogen; c\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o r\u01b0\u1ee3u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. <\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Macconhicop: Khi c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng HX (HCl, HBr, H2O) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, H \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c C b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 X \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c C b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p: <\/p>\n

-\u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf: <\/p>\n

-ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: <\/p>\n

l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1-c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chung: <\/strong> CnH2n – 2 (n \u2265 3) <\/p>\n

– Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i <\/strong>: Baz\u01a1 c\u00f3 2 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, \u0111ien c\u00f3 2 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n (\u0111ien li\u00ean h\u1ee3p, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m), ancaloit c\u00f3 2 .Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i\u2026. <\/p>\n

– H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: <\/strong> H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 olefin. <\/p>\n

4. Ankin: <\/strong> <\/h3>\n

Ankin l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u0111rocacbon m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. <\/p>\n

– C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chung: <\/strong> CnH2n – 2, (n\u22652). <\/p>\n

-\u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n: <\/strong> ankan c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n m\u1ea1ch C v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. <\/p>\n

Vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng: <\/p>\n

Vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ea1ch C th\u1eb3ng. X\u00e9t t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch C \u0111\u1eb7t li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n m\u1ea1ch th\u1eb3ng. <\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3m 1 C l\u00e0m nh\u00e1nh, coi nh\u00e1nh C ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p ba, ki\u1ec3m tra h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb C. D\u1eebng l\u1ea1i khi s\u1ed1 nh\u00e1nh C b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 C chu\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh. <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadp H \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. <\/p>\n

– Danh ph\u00e1p: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

T\u00ean: <\/p>\n

Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh: m\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ea5t. <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh s\u1ed1: B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf ph\u00eda g\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3m ba nh\u1ea5t. <\/p>\n

T\u00ean: s\u1ed1 tr\u1ea1m nh\u00e1nh-t\u00ean nh\u00e1nh chu\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh-s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ba-in. <\/p>\n

t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/p>\n

– th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ean: <\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec3m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng: anken tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ankin 1 tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf. <\/p>\n

– Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/p>\n

5. \u0110\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t benzen <\/strong> <\/h3>\n

– \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a benzen l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u0111rocacbon th\u01a1m c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng benzen trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. <\/p>\n

– CTTQ: <\/strong> CnH2n -6 (n \u2265 6). <\/p>\n

– C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

– Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a benzen c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng: m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ankyl tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ch C ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh. <\/p>\n

V\u00f2ng benzen l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh. <\/p>\n

6 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed C tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 6 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 C ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh t\u1eeb 3 tr\u1edf l\u00ean th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n m\u1ea1ch C ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh. <\/p>\n

-name: T\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ankylbenzen. <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c nh\u00e1nh. <\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu hai nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 1 v\u00e0 2 c\u00f9ng nhau, ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ortho- (o-). <\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu 2 nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 1 v\u00e0 3 c\u00f9ng nhau, ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 meta- (m-). <\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu 2 nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 1 v\u00e0 4 c\u00f9ng nhau th\u00ec ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 para- (p -). <\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/p>\n

-\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: <\/strong> V\u00f2ng benzen r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n xen k\u1ebd nhau. 3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i. <\/p>\n

Xem ngay: Gi\u1edd UTC l\u00e0 g\u00ec – \u0110\u1ed5i Gi\u1edd UTC th\u00e0nh Gi\u1edd Vi\u1ec7t Nam <\/p>\n

– T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

– Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: <\/strong> <\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/p>\n

Hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/strong> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 hydrocacbon s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc h\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo. <\/p>\n

Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i: Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng <\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady Ki\u1ebfn Guru \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p L\u00fd Thuy\u1ebft H\u00f3a H\u1eefu C\u01a1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 hi\u0111rocacbon \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft: Circuits What’s Open p> Qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o I. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft chung…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":88158,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88157"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=88157"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88157\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/88158"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=88157"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=88157"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/httl.com.vn\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=88157"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}